The sealing performance of flanges is to some extent affected by the bolt preload, gasket sealing performance, flange sealing surface characteristics, flange stiffness and operating conditions.
　　Bolt preload
　　The bolt preload must press the gasket tightly to achieve the initial seal. The preload should act as evenly as possible on the gasket. Usually, measures such as increasing the number of bolts, reducing the bolt diameter, and adopting appropriate preload methods are taken to improve the sealing performance. Increasing the preload can enable the gasket to maintain a relatively large contact surface specific pressure under normal working conditions. However, the preload should not be too large; otherwise, the gasket will yield as a whole and lose its rebound ability, or even be squeezed out or damaged. Therefore, appropriately increasing the preload of the bolts can enhance the sealing capacity of the gasket.

　　Gasket performance
　　The function of a gasket is to seal the gap between the sealing surfaces of two flanges to prevent fluid leakage. The types of gaskets include non-metallic and metallic combination gaskets, non-metallic gaskets and metallic gaskets. The appropriate gasket material requires that the gasket can undergo the necessary elastic deformation under the action of the appropriate preload force without being crushed or squeezed out. During the operation process, when choosing gasket materials, the working medium and working temperature should also be taken into consideration. Increase the distance between the flange sealing surfaces, and the gasket material should have sufficient elasticity to ensure that the gasket surface is in close contact with the flange surface, thereby maintaining good sealing performance. The wider the gasket is, the greater the required preload force will be, and the larger the dimensions of the bolts and flanges will also be. Therefore, the width of the gasket is also an important factor affecting the sealing.
　　Flange stiffness
　　Flanges with high rigidity have less deformation and can evenly transfer the pre-tightening of bolts to the gasket, thereby improving the sealing performance of the flange. Insufficient flange stiffness can cause excessive warping deformation, which is often one of the main reasons for the failure of bolted flange connection seals in actual production.
　　The stiffness of a flange is related to many factors. Appropriately reducing the diameter of the bolt's center circle, increasing the thickness of the flange ring, and increasing the outer diameter of the flange ring can all enhance the stiffness of the flange.

　　Operating conditions
　　Simple pressure and medium have little impact on sealing, but under the combined effect of temperature, especially in high-temperature fluctuations, it will seriously affect the sealing performance, and even cause the seal to completely fail due to fatigue. Therefore, temperature, pressure, as well as the physical and chemical properties of the medium also have a certain influence on sealing performance. Because at high temperatures, the corrosive effect of the medium on the gasket and flange intensifies, increasing the possibility of leakage. The medium has high permeability, low viscosity and is prone to leakage. Flanges, bolts and washers will all generate higher high-temperature creep and stress relaxation, causing the seal to fail. Some non-metallic gaskets will also age, deteriorate and even burn at an accelerated rate.

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